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Version 15.1 by Mark Rinse van Koningsveld on 2025/09/08 13:41
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Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 13.1 1 USAR and firefighting operations are carried out by a mix of professionals and trained volunteers who work long shifts under high risk and high tempo. Structures differ across Europe (national fire services, civil protection agencies like THW, mixed volunteer/pro units), but field reality is consistent: clear command, sector/task discipline, and pragmatic “get it done” culture. In SYNERGISE we focus first on people who directly touch the technology or whose decisions depend on it. That includes emerging roles (drone pilot, sensor/video analyst, C4I home base operator, information analyst) alongside classic USAR roles (team lead, squad lead, paramedic, search/rescue tech). Interviews repeatedly stressed: don’t make the same person both “set up” and “go in”; treat setup time as an investment only if it clearly pays back in safety, speed, or certainty later; and keep prep at BoO** **(Base Of Operations) with just-in-time activation at the worksite. New tech must fit rhythms already in use (USAR vs. Fire tempo), respect national certification (e.g., drone licensing), and be configurable to local doctrine while sharing a common core.
Tjalling Haije 1.1 2
Tjalling Haije 4.1 3 == Main Stakeholders SYNERGISE technologies ==
Tjalling Haije 1.1 4
Tjalling Haije 8.1 5 Below are a number of stakeholders that will interact directly with the proposed technologies in SYNERGISE. The term 'First Responder' is an umbrella term for different types of stakeholders. These stakeholders are further identified in the stakeholders this table.
Tjalling Haije 1.1 6
7 (% class="table-striped" %)
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 8 |(% style="width:162px" %)**First Responder (FR)**|(% style="width:794px" %)Form the first response to incidents. INSARAG distinguishes between three First Response organisations: Civil Defence/Protection (police), Local Emergency Services (firefighters and emergency medical technician//, //EMTs), and Community First Responders. First responders can be //local //or //international//,// //if international help is requested for large incidents. 
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 14.1 9 \\Tasks: breaching, shoring, extrication, interior search. Needs: go/no-go cues, simple wayfinding, hazard alerts that don’t drown out radio discipline. Decisions: continue, withdraw, change access path. Tech: Worksite forms, FR gear, Radio to squad and to base
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 10 //Notes~:// Avoid alert fatigue; if an alert matters, it must be rare, explainable, and immediately actionable. Setup “on the apron” is fine; strapped-on sensors too early are just dead weight until entry.
11 |(% style="width:162px" %)**Victim **|(% style="width:794px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 12 Victims can be direct stakeholders, when they have to interact directly with technologies. For example, if victims have to communicate with robot actors, they are directly affected by how these robot actors function.
13 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 14 |(% style="width:162px" %)(((
15 **Squad Leader (worksite)**
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 14.1 16 )))|(% style="width:794px" %)Tasks: route choice, team tasking, safety checks, on-site deconfliction. Needs: live worksite map (markers, hazards, team status), quick comms, ability to mute non-critical feeds during critical phases. Tech: Worksite forms, FR gear, Radio to squad and to base,C3I 
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 17 //Notes~:// Wants answers, not raw feeds. Mark-verify-notify loops must be fast. Prefers just-in-time sensor fitting at the worksite.
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 14.1 18 |(% style="width:162px" %)**Team Leader (field or HQ)**|(% style="width:794px" %)(((
19 Tasks: prioritize sectors/sites, assign teams, align with LEMA/OSOCC. Needs: rolled-up picture, change feed (“what changed since last brief”), escalation options.
20
21 Tech: FR gear, Radio to squad and to base,C3I 
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 22 //Notes~:// Treat setup time as //investment//. Accepts minor startup cost if it clearly shortens later operations or reduces risk.
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 14.1 23 )))
24 |(% style="width:162px" %)**Drone/Robot Pilot**|(% style="width:794px" %)Tasks: launch, supervise autonomous scans, manual inspection, safe recovery. Needs: stable link, people/drone separation cues, battery/health, quick handover to/from analyst.
25 Tech: Drone and remote control, Radio to squad and to base.
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 26 //Notes~:// Split pilot/analyst by default; don’t ask one person to fly //and// interpret. Fire contexts are truck-based with pilot + observer; USAR can accommodate more pre-entry setup.
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 14.1 27 |(% style="width:162px" %)**Sensor & Video Analyst**|(% style="width:794px" %)Tasks: interpret feeds, confirm detections, place map markers, advise routes. Needs: synchronized video/thermal/3D, annotation tools, confidence + “why”, provenance.
28 Tech: Tablet for analysis, FR gear, Radio to squad and to base, C3I
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 29 //Notes~:// Analysts prefer to push //decisions// and //routes//, not heatmaps; they want re-task buttons (“re-scan this door void”).
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 14.1 30 |(% style="width:162px" %)**Information Analyst (field or HQ)**|(% style="width:794px" %)Tasks: curate sector/worksite status, maintain “one source of truth,” produce reports. Needs: versioning, role-based visibility, audit trail.
31 Tech: C3I 
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 32 //Notes~:// Fights duplication and drift; wants structured fields but fast capture in the field (short forms, later enrich).
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 14.1 33 |(% style="width:162px" %)**Paramedic (worksite)**|(% style="width:794px" %)(((
34 Tasks: triage/treat victims; monitor responder vitals; escalate alerts. Needs: traffic-light for non-medics; drill-down for medics; location-to-patient path.
35 Tech: FR gear, Medical equipment, Radio to squad and base, C3I
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 36 //Notes~:// Keep responders’ privacy by default; show only what a role needs. Escalation should route to medic first, then TL.
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 14.1 37 )))
38 |(% style="width:162px" %)**Structural Engineer**|(% style="width:794px" %)Tasks: assess stability, advise shoring, approve entry.Needs: quick 3D slices of interior paths, hazard overlays, decision log.
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 39 //Notes~:// Values simple, trustworthy measurements over fancy visuals; wants to annotate “do not cut here / brace here.”
Tjalling Haije 1.1 40
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 15.1 41 **Specific Firefighting Stakeholders SYNERGISE technologies**
Tjalling Haije 1.1 42
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 15.1 43 |=Firefighting Role|=Description
44 |**Firefighter / Rescue Technician**|**Tasks:** fire attack, interior search, ventilation, extrication. **Needs:** go/no-go cues, simple wayfinding, hazard alerts that don’t drown out radio discipline. **Decisions:** continue, withdraw, change tactic or access path. **Tech:** PPE/BA, FR gear, Worksite forms, Radio to crew and to command. **Notes:** Avoid alert fatigue; if an alert matters, it must be rare, explainable, and immediately actionable. Setup “on the apron” is fine; strapped-on sensors too early are just dead weight until entry.
45 |**Crew / Company Officer (Worksite)**|**Tasks:** route/entry choice, team tasking, safety checks, on-scene deconfliction. **Needs:** live incident map (hydrants, hazards, team status), quick comms, ability to mute non-critical feeds during critical phases. **Decisions:** offensive vs. defensive mode, entry vs. exterior ops, ventilation timing. **Tech:** Tablet/MDT with worksite forms, FR gear, Radio to crew and to command, C3I. **Notes:** Wants answers, not raw feeds. Mark-verify-notify loops must be fast. Prefers just-in-time sensor fitting at the worksite.
46 |**Incident Commander / Sector Supervisor (Field or HQ)**|**Tasks:** prioritize sectors/sites, assign companies, align with LEMA/OSOCC. **Needs:** rolled-up picture, change feed (“what changed since last brief”), escalation options. **Decisions:** strategy selection, resource escalation, evacuation orders. **Tech:** Command unit kit, FR gear, Radio to divisions & dispatch, C3I. **Notes:** Treat setup time as investment. Accepts minor startup cost if it clearly shortens later operations or reduces risk.
Rosa Van Tuijn 2.1 47
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 48 == General insights from interviews with stakeholders ==
Rosa Van Tuijn 2.1 49
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 50
Tjalling Haije 10.1 51 **Split control & analysis.** Robots work best with a distinct **Pilot** and **Analyst**; and a specific **Overview** role when multiple robots run. Design implication: default to separate UI profiles and explicit handovers; shared annotations sync by default.
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 52
53 **Set up or go in.** Frontline shouldn’t run complex tech during entry. Design implication: shift setup to BoO or staging; enable just-in-time activation at the worksite; minimize attach/remove steps.
54
55 **Investment, not sacrifice.** Startup costs must pay back in later speed/safety. Design implication: show expected payoff (e.g., saved search time) and keep setup under a known ceiling.
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57 **Answers over feeds.** Leaders want decisions and routes, not raw sensor firehoses. Design implication: analyst tools publish //recommendations// with provenance; commanders get roll-ups and “what changed.”
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59 **Graceful degradation.** Networks fail; work continues. Design implication: offline-first, store-and-forward, mesh hints, on-device caching; visible confidence and data age.
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61 **Role-based privacy.** Health and video data need scoped visibility. Design implication: strict role views, consent/ack flows, redaction by default on exports.
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63
64 == All roles within USAR operation ==
65
Tjalling Haije 12.1 66 In SYNERGISE, we distinguish between two First Responder departments: Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) and Fire Department (FD). These two departments work closely together during an incident. At the end of the overview, some new actors are identified that do not currently exist, but that may need to be included when new technologies are introduced.
Tjalling Haije 1.1 67
68 [[image:hierarchical overview.png]]
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Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 71 (% class="table-striped" style="width:641.656px" %)
72 |=(% scope="row" %)**Stakeholder**|=(% style="width: 468.656px;" %)**Description **
73 |[[image:Asset 26\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 74 **USAR Coordination Cell**
75
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 76 Manages the (international) coordination between all stakeholders involved in an incident.
Tjalling Haije 1.1 77 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 78 |[[image:Asset 25\@4x.png||alt="Asset 26@4x.png"]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 79 **Team Leader (TL) - USAR**
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81 Responsible for the whole USAR team. Communication with UCC
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83 Participates at the team leader meetings to get tasks assigned
84 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 85 |[[image:Asset 22\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 86 **Deputy Team leader - USAR**
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88 Responsible for all staff at the Base of Operations (BOO)
89 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 90 |[[image:Asset 23\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 91 **Staff - USAR**
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93 Located at the BOO. Includes: Information, Staff, Media, ICT,  and Hazmat
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 94 )))|(% style="width:1px" %)
95 |[[image:Asset 21\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 96 **Logistics - USAR**
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98 Located at the BOO. Responsible for logistics of an incident
99 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 100 |[[image:Asset 20\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 101 **Medical - USAR**
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103 Located at the BOO. Medical professionals.
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105 Provides more in-depth assessment of victim health and can perform emergency treatments
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107 Tracks the health of first responders
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109 Assesses medical equipment for extraction
110 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 111 |[[image:Asset 19\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 112 **Liaison - USAR**
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114 Located at the BOO. Responsible for the communication with third-party organisations during an incident
115 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 116 |[[image:Asset 18\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 117 **Chief of Operations - USAR**
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119 Responsible for all rescue operations at all assigned worksites; usually at a worksite during setup and during critical phases
120 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 121 |[[image:1724250237332-368.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 122 **Chief Search and Rescue - USAR**
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124 Responsible for all staff at one worksite
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126 Contact to Local Emergency Management Ageny (LEMA) at the worksite
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128 Using INSARAG Coordination Management System (ICMS) Survey 123 forms
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130 Communication/ contact to BoO (Base of operation)
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132 Overall strategy and safety in line with guidance by CoO and advice of paramedic, structural engineer and squad leader after initial overview/ survey
133 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 134 |[[image:Asset 16\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 135 **Squad Leader - USAR**
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137 Located in the field. Leads the technical rescue operation
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139 In depth analysis of the situation and solution proposal
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141 Close communication with CSAR, structural engineer, paramedic, maintenance and his team
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143 In need of all the detailed information, search results, measurements, data etc
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145 Decides and guides search techniques, routes inside the worksite and breaking/ breaching as well as rope rescue
146 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 147 |[[image:Asset 15\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 148 **Structural Engineer - USAR**
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150 Located in the field. Analyses structural integrity of buildings to assess risks of collapse and stabilises buildings where necessary
151 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 152 |[[image:Asset 14\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 153 **Paramedic - USAR**
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155 Located in the field. Assesses victim health and performs emergency treatment for victim stabilisation where necessary
156 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 157 |[[image:Asset 13\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 158 **Maintenance - USAR**
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160 Located in the field. Responsible for maintenance during an incident
161 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 162 |[[image:Asset 12\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 163 **Rescue Expert - USAR**
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165 Located in the field. Expertise in rescuing victims
166 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 167 |[[image:Asset 11\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 168 **Search Tech - USAR**
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170 Located in the field. Expertise in searching for victims
171 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 172 |[[image:Asset 10\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 173 **Dog + Handler - USAR**
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175 Located in the field. Searches for (entrapped) victims with the help of scent
176 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 177 |[[image:Asset 24\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 178 **Fire Chief - FD**
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180 Responsible for all staff at a fire department
181 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 182 |[[image:Asset 9\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 183 **Incident Commander (IC) - FD**
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185 Responsible for the incident as a whole
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187 Communication with the Fire Chief and TLs
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189 Chair of the team leader meetings
190 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 191 |[[image:Asset 8\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 192 **Team Leader - FD**
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194 Participate at the team leader meetings to get tasks assigned
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196 Responsible for the whole team
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198 Communication with "her/his" IC
199 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 200 |[[image:Asset 7\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 201 **Chauffeur - FD**
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203 Drives the firefighters to and around the incident
204 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 205 |[[image:Asset 6\@4x.png]]|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 206 **Firefighter - FD**
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208 Responsible for mitigating hazards such as fires and gas leaks
209 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 210 (% class="warning" %)|//[[image:Asset 2\@4x.png]]//|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 211 //**Tactical Operator - NEW**//
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213 //Located in the BOO. Responsible for controlling robots remotely. //
214 )))
Mark Rinse van Koningsveld 3.1 215 (% class="warning" %)|//[[image:Asset 1\@4x.png]]//|(% style="width:468.656px" %)(((
Tjalling Haije 1.1 216 //**Operational Operator (Field Operator) - NEW**//
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218 //Located in the field. Responsible for controlling robots on-site. //
219 )))