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1		-XWiki.TjallingHaije
	1	+XWiki.MarkVanKoningsveld

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1		-In First Response to complex incidents, especially large-scale ones, many different organisations can be involved. In Synergise, we distinguish between two team compositions:
	1	+USAR missions involve a structured **First Responder organisation** to manage complexity. Understanding the hierarchy and coordination of teams is crucial for integrating new technology. European countries have varied USAR setups, but common elements exist under international guidelines:
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3		-* Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) Teams and,
4		-* Fire Department (FD) Teams.
	3	+* **Team Structure:** A USAR team typically comprises five functional components – **Management, Search, Rescue, Medical, and Logistics.** The Team Leader oversees operations and liaises with the local incident command. Each function has a supervisor (e.g. Search Team Manager, Rescue Squad Leader) and specialists (search dog handlers, technical search operators, rescue technicians, medics, etc.).
	4	+* **Hierarchy & ICS:** Many operations use an Incident Command System or similar structure. On-site, a Local Emergency Management Authority (LEMA) or Incident Commander coordinates all agencies. The USAR Team Leader integrates into this structure, often through an **On-Site Operations Coordination Center (OSOCC)** in international responses. Clear roles (e.g. Safety Officer, Structural Engineer advisor) ensure accountability and communication flow.
	5	+* **Interagency Coordination:** USAR teams often work alongside firefighters, police, medical services, military units, and volunteers. In Europe, most USAR teams are part of fire and rescue services, though some countries use civil protection or military civil-defense units. Common procedures (like INSARAG marking systems) help different teams cooperate. However, terminology and rank structures can vary by country (e.g. a “Sector Commander” in one nation might be a “Site Manager” in another).
	6	+* **European Institutions:** Some nations maintain one national USAR task force (e.g. the Netherlands’ USAR.NL), while others have regional teams (e.g. Germany’s THW units or UK Fire & Rescue USAR teams). All **INSARAG-certified** teams meet minimum standards (rapid deployment, self-sufficiency, training) and can be mobilized through the EU Civil Protection Mechanism for international disasters. Language and cultural differences require flexibility in coordination.
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6		-A complete overview of the Synergise teams can be found under [[Direct Stakeholders>>doc:Main.sdf.Stakeholders.Direct.WebHome]].
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8		-In the case of large-scale incidents that rely on international cooperation, we refer to the [[INSARAG Guidelines>>doc:.3\. INSARAG Guidelines.WebHome]] for a rough idea of the different team compositions, and in which circumstances, which teams are employed.
	8	+//Implications for System Design~:// The system must fit into existing command structures and **augment, not disrupt, communication workflows**. For example, information should be accessible according to role – a team leader needs an overview, while a search specialist might need detailed sensor data. Supporting **multi-agency** work means the system should enable easy information sharing between organizations (police, medics, etc.) while maintaining data security and role-based access. Variations across Europe imply the system should be configurable to different organisational models and languages. Recognizing key **Stakeholders** (incident commanders, team leaders, specialists) and their needs is critical, tying into our **Personas** and **Use Cases** to ensure technology adoption by all user groups.