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Title
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1 -1. Knowledge and Situation Awareness
1 +1. Situation Awareness
Author
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1 -XWiki.MarkNeerincx
1 +XWiki.MarkVanKoningsveld
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1 -= **Situation Awareness** =
1 +Situation Awareness (SA) is critical in various domains, particularly in high-stakes environments like aviation, healthcare, and emergency response. It is subdivided into 3 levels of "awareness":
2 2  
3 -"Situation Awareness is the perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future" (Endsley, 1995a, p. 36). Situation Awareness (SA) is critical in various domains, particularly in high-stakes environments like aviation, healthcare, and emergency response. It is subdivided into 3 levels of "awareness":
4 -
5 5  * (((
6 6  **Level I SA refers to perceptions of elements in the [[environment>>doc:Main.sdf.Environments.WebHome]]**. This includes all data and stimuli that appeal to the 5 senses. Examples of level I SA in trauma resuscitation would include pulse, blood pressure, airway status, and significant injuries.
7 7  )))
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12 12  **Level III SA is achieved when a trainee makes projections based on their understanding of Level I and Level II information.** Projection leads to predictions and decision-making about events or actions that may occur or be required in the near future.
13 13  )))
14 14  
15 -Endsley defines team SA as the degree to which each team member possesses the SA required for his or her responsibilities [1]. SA is vital to individual performance, and team (or shared) SA is critical to good team performance. Team members may have different subgoals in a given trauma resuscitation. **Team SA can be subdivided into 2 types: (1) shared SA, in which team members possess the same SA and (2) complimentary SA, which represents unique, specialty-specific SA necessary for good (combined) team performance** [ref id.] (Fig. 1). **Actionable SA** is  realized by integrating SA-support with decision-support functionalities, so that actions can be initiated and guided efficiently and effectively (e.g., see ASSISTANCE's Chemical Hazard module that displays information about gas distributions, its current and predicted future states , with explicit affordances to set safe approach and evacuation routes [2].
13 +Endsley defines team SA as the degree to which each team member possesses the SA required for his or her responsibilities [1]. SA is vital to individual performance, and team SA is critical to good team performance. Team members may have different subgoals in a given trauma resuscitation. **Team SA can be subdivided into 2 types: (1) shared SA, in which team members possess the same SA and (2) complimentary SA, which represents unique, specialty-specific SA necessary for good team performance** [ref id.] (Fig. 1). **Actionable SA** is  realized by integrating SA-support with decision-support functionalities, so that actions can be initiated and guided efficiently and effectively (e.g., see ASSISTANCE's Chemical Hazard module that displays information about gas distributions, its current and predicted future states , with explicit affordances to set safe approach and evacuation routes [2].
16 16  
17 17  [[Figure 1. Shared Knowledge combined with Complimentary knowledge creates Total team situational awareness>>image:Situational awareness.jpg||alt="Shared knowledge combined with complimentary knowledge creates total team situational awareness" height="206" width="436"]]
18 18  
17 +Important evaluation methods are the following:
19 19  
20 -= Knowledge =
21 -
22 -How the environmental states are perceived, understood and predicted are determined by the experience and knowledge of the concerning team member. Humans develop and share **mental models** that support both the interpretation of situational conditions and the activation of appropriate behaviors and decisions (Andrews et al., 2023). This can concern for example the spatial layout ("mental map") of an oil factory, its hazards ("explosive gases"), and the related fire operational procedures (ventilation closure, boundary cooling, ...). Individual team members can have specific skills and expertise for specific tasks or problems (e.g., on the explosion risks of gas combinations, or stability of collapsed buildings). **Transactive Memory Systems (TMS) **have been developed to share "who knows what" within teams, supporting specialized task performances and coordination.  It should be noted that expert knowledge is often **implicit**. For example, team performance can benefit from implicit coordination for both routine and non-routine tasks, which both can be strengthened by transactive memory systems (Marques-Quinteiro et al., 2023). Based on experience, experts develop and apply intuition in the form of **heuristics**. These heuristics are efficient and effective when they are tuned to the current environmental states and regularities (Gigerenzer, 2023).
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24 -
25 -Table 1 provides an overview of the different concepts of data- and knowledge driven team performance.
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27 -
28 -
29 -|=(% style="width: 170px;" %) Concept |=(% style="width: 639px;" %) Definition / Focus |= Knowledge Type |= Focus Area |= Selected Publication |
30 -|(% style="width:170px" %)(Shared) Mental Models|(% style="width:639px" %)Internal structures guiding understanding and action~-~--shared withing teams to coordinate and align behavior (e.g. in Human-Agent teams)|Individual or Shared |Cognition |Andrews, R. W., Lilly, J. M., Srivastava, D., & Feigh, K. M. (2023). The role of shared mental models in human-AI teams: a theoretical review. //Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science//, //24//(2), 129-175.|
31 -|(% style="width:170px" %)(Shared) Situation Awareness |(% style="width:639px" %)Perception, comprehension, projection of environment—shared across team members and agents |Activated (individual/shared) |Perception, cognition, action |Endsley (1995, 2021), Gorman et al. (2006)|
32 -|(% style="width:170px" %)Transactive Memory System (TMS) |(% style="width:639px" %)Distributed “who knows what” within teams to enable coordination and support specialized task performances|Distributed |Cognition |Marques-Quinteiro, P., Curral, L., Passos, A. M., & Lewis, K. (2013). And now what do we do? The role of transactive memory systems and task coordination in action teams. //Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice//, //17//(3), 194.|
33 -
34 -Important **evaluation method**s are the following:
35 -
36 36  * **Situational Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT)** is a widely used method by periodically freezing the test use case (e.g., a simulation) and querying participants about the status of the environment. There is also a version (Team SAGAT) for assessing shared situation awareness [3-5].
37 37  * **Situation Present Assessment Method (SPAM)** measures SA by requiring participants to answer queries about the environment in real time. Team SPAM focuses on real-time queries to multiple team members to assess their collective awareness [5-7].
38 38  * **Teamwork Situational Awareness Rating Technique (TSART)** is a subjective measure of distributed (team) situation awareness in which team members rate their awareness of other team members’ activities and intentions [8].
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58 58  [7] Durso, F. T., Truitt, T. R., Hackworth, C. A., Crutchfield, J., Nikolic, D., & Manning, C. A. (1998). "Situation awareness as a predictor of performance for en route air traffic controllers." //Air Traffic Control Quarterly//, 6(1), 1-20.
59 59  
60 60  [8] Salmon, P. M., Stanton, N. A., Walker, G. H., & Jenkins, D. P. (2009). "Distributed situation awareness: Theory, measurement and application to teamwork." Ashgate Publishing.
61 -
62 -[9] Endsley, M. R. (1995). Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. //Human Factors//, 37(1), 32–64. https:~/~/doi.org/10.1518/00187209577904954
XWiki.XWikiComments[0]
Author
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1 -XWiki.MarkNeerincx
Comment
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1 -Ik zou figuur1 eruit willen halen. Het is naar mijn idee goed om consistent een onderscheid te maken over de kennis die iemand bezit en de geactiveerde gesitueerde kennis ("situationeel bewustzijn"). tijdens de taakuitvoering. Het figuur zorgt voor wat verwarring. In de tekst is het goed verwoord.
Date
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1 -2025-09-05 12:46:24.913